Understanding Various Types of Mortgage Loans
Today’s market is a buyer’s market. With home prices and mortgage rates at near record lows, those wishing to purchase a home are bound to find a great real estate deal provided they take their time and proceed carefully. If you are considering buying a home, one of the first and foremost steps will be to find a mortgage loan. A good part of the reason for the decline of the housing industry was the failure of consumers to understand the terms of their mortgage loans before signing their names on the final agreement. This is why it is necessary for people to understand the fundamentals of the various mortgage options available today. Educating yourself on the differences will help you determine which loan option is best for you.
The Basics
The two basic home loan categories are fixed rate mortgages (FRM) and adjustable rate mortgages (ARM). Traditionally, FRMs have been the most popular home financing option for U.S. home buyers. FRMs account for about 70 percent of home purchases. Fixed rate mortgages are characterized, as their name implies, by their stability. The interest rate on an FRM will remain the same throughout the entire term of the loan, without regard to any changes in the state of the housing market. The borrower can thus rely on consistent, monthly payments that are put towards both the principal loan amount and the interest.
Adjustable rate mortgages became especially popular during the rise of the housing market in this past decade because they offer a low interest rate for a set period of time (such as 3, 5, or 7 years), after which they ‘adjust’ up to another rate (usually higher) and may continue to adjust until an interest rate maximum is reached. Unlike an FRM’s steady interest rates, the interest rates of an ARM are determined by specific market indexes that change with the motions of the prevailing market. While ARMs provided temporary savings and affordability to many homebuyers, they led to many financial problems after the real estate bubble burst and borrowers were unable to refinance out of their loans after their loans adjusted to a higher payment.
The intervals at which the interest rate of an adjustable rate mortgage will change are disclosed in the original loan contract. Basically, if the market index increases from one adjustment period to the next, the interest rate will increase as well, and thus too the monthly payment. By the same token, if the market rate decreases, the interest rate may decrease and the monthly payments may be lowered, depending on the loan. There are usually limits, or “caps”, established during the beginning of the mortgage loan origination process that determine how much an interest rate can change from one adjustment period to the next.
Under the two basic mortgage categories of ARM and FRM, there are a variety of loan types, some of which combine aspects of the two main mortgage types. Below are basic outlines of some of the most common loan variations.
Government Backed Mortgage Loans
The Federal Housing Administration (FHA) loan falls under the fixed rate mortgage loan category. It was specifically designed with first time home buyers in mind, especially those with middle to low incomes. Because FHA loans are guaranteed by the federal government, they can be easier to qualify for than traditional fixed rate mortgage loans. FHA loans usually require lower down payments (about 3 percent), and offer low interest rates as well. Both people looking to buy a single family home or a multi-family home have the FHA loan option available to them, provided the home will be owner occupied.
Another federally backed mortgage program are VA (Veteran’s Administration) loans. VA loans are available to those who have served in any branch of the U.S. military or to the surviving spouse of an active service member. Veterans can often obtain VA loans very easily, and this program requires little or no down payment. The main qualification for a VA loan is that applicants need to prove that they have the means to make the monthly loan payments on time.
The last government backed mortgage loan type we will touch on is the USDA Rural Development Guaranteed Housing Loan. This loan is designed for low to moderate income borrowers who wish to buy a home in an area considered as Rural Development eligible. No payment is required and the qualification process is much more lenient than in regular home loans, so that borrowers with medium to poor credit can have the means to finance their purchase.

Balloon Mortgages
Balloon mortgages are structured in a similar way as FRMs, except the loan terms only last for about five to seven years, after which the entire sum of the loan becomes due – rather than being amortized over the entire life of the loan. This is why they are referred to as balloon mortgages, because of the large final payment requirement where owners must then pay the outstanding loan either out of pocket or by refinancing their house, depending on the specifics of the loan
Option ARMs
Option ARMs differ from regular ARMs in that they do not have adjustment caps. Option ARMs have an interest rate that changes every month – borrowers have the ‘option’ to pay different amounts, such as the fully amortized payment, the interest only payment, or a negative amortization payment (when the payment is less than the interest accrued on the loan, causing the loan balance to increase slightly). Option ARMs were originally designed for borrowers with wide fluctuations in their pay, such as salespeople paid on commission – they could pay the full payment some months, and the minimum payment other months as needed. However, most borrowers in an Option ARM will pay only the minimum, which results in a loan that increases over time, often by a considerable amount.

Interest Only
For a predetermined period of time, borrowers with an interest only mortgage are allowed to pay only the interest of their loan, without paying towards the principal amount. This results in a lower mortgage payment for the duration of the interest only period, but it also means that the principal balance is not reduced during this time. Once the interest only period ends, payments naturally increase since they now include the loan principal, and in fact end up much higher since the principal now has to be paid in less time. The longer the interest only period, the higher the monthly mortgage bill will be after the adjustment.